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population health
Population health has been defined as "the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group".〔Kindig D, Stoddart G. (What is population health? ) ''American Journal of Public Health'' 2003 Mar;93(3):380–3. Retrieved 2008-10-12.〕 It is an approach to health that aims to improve the health of an entire human population. This concept does not refer to animal or plant populations. A priority considered important in achieving this aim is to reduce health inequities or disparities among different population groups due to, among other factors, the social determinants of health, SDOH. The SDOH include all the factors: social, environmental, cultural and physical the different populations are born into, grow up and function with throughout their lifetimes which potentially have a measurable impact on the health of human populations.〔http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=39 Social Determinants of Health overview tab〕 The Population Health concept represents a change in the focus from the individual-level, characteristic of most mainstream medicine. It also seeks to complement the classic efforts of public health agencies by addressing a broader range of factors shown to impact the health of different populations. The World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health, reported in 2008, that the SDOH factors were responsible for the bulk of diseases and injuries and these were the major causes of health inequities in all countries.〔Meeting Report of World Conference of Social Determinants of Health held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2008 available at http://www.who.int/sdhconference/resources/Conference_Report.pdf〕 In the US, SDOH were estimated to account for 70% of avoidable mortality.〔McGinnis JM, Williams-Russo P, Knickman JR. 2002. The case for more active policy attention to health promotion. Health Affairs 21:78–93, also see National Academies Press free publication: The Future of Public Health in the 21st Century, available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10548.html〕
From a population health perspective, health has been defined not simply as a state free from disease but as "the capacity of people to adapt to, respond to, or control life's challenges and changes".〔Frankish, CJ et al. ("Health Impact Assessment as a Tool for Population Health Promotion and Public Policy" ). Vancouver: Institute of Health Promotion Research, University of British Columbia, 1996. Retrieved 2008-10-12.〕 The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."〔World Health Organization. (''WHO definition of Health'' ), Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. In 〕〔World Health Organization. 2006. (''Constitution of the World Health Organization'' ) – ''Basic Documents'', Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006.〕
==Healthy People 2020==
Healthy People 2020 is a web site sponsored by the US Department of Health and Human Services, representing the cumulative effort of 34 years of interest by the Surgeon General's office and others. It identifies 42 topics considered Social determinants of health and approximately 1200 specific goals considered to improve population health. It provides links to the current research available for selected topics and identifies and supports the need for community involvement considered essential to address these problems realistically.〔Health People 2020 found at http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx〕
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